interview by Chris Clarke
Bill Belleville was part of a Discovery Channel-financed expedition
to explore Cuba’s waters. From the trip came Belleville’s recent book,
Deep Cuba (University of Georgia Press, 2002).We caught up with Bill at
his home in Florida.
Tell us a little bit about the expedition that’s the subject of Deep Cuba.
The Discovery Channel chartered an oceanographic ship—complete with
deep-diving submersible—from Harbor Branch Oceanographic in Ft.
Pierce Florida for six weeks. Eight scientists, including two renowned
Cubans, were invited to come along. The challenge was straightforward:
No major scientific expedition from the US had been to Cuba since the
embargo, over 40 years ago. What would we find there? It was a bit like
Cousteau and his Calypso—except we were American, and our ship was extremely high tech. We
were able to poke about in places not even Cubans had seen before. I’m
an environmental writer with a strong interest in both freshwater and
marine environments, and I had a chance to use my diving skills to help
me better understand what was there.
So why Cuba? Aside from the political barriers to US expeditions there, what makes Cuba interesting to oceanographers?
Cuba makes up one-third of the land mass of all the Antilles, and
terrestrially, nearly half the trees, and 90 percent of invertebrates,
like snails, are endemics. Biological diversity is extremely high
because of all that land. The rest of the Caribbean has been widely
studied by Americans, and Cuba has been intensely studied by Cubans.
But for most of the world, Cuba and its natural history was like a
large black hole. And it’s hard to manage—or understand—the wider
region if a big chunk like this is missing.
What kinds of marine habitats surround Cuba?
We spent our entire time on the southern coast, which is more isolated
than the north. We skirted the edges of several large gulfs or bays,
each with its own crescent of mangrove and sand islands. To the east,
the gulfs of Anna Maria and Guacanayabo were rimmed with an island
chain called Jardines de la Reina—Gardens of the Queen.
Farther to the west, the large gulf of Batabano was surrounded by Los
Canarreos. There were about 1,000 islands in each chain, from a few
acres in size to the massive Isle of Youth. Very few were populated,
and from the sea, it looked as if the conquistadors could have sailed
through yesterday.
There’s also nearly 1,000 miles of coral reef off the southern coast
(and 1,200 more to the north). Much was untouched, as time-stuck as the
old cars in Havana.
We hear about the environmental sins committed by Eastern Bloc
socialist countries. How does Cuba rate in protecting—or abusing—its marine resources?
Castro’s very astute about conservation, and as a former scuba diver
and spearfisherman, he was more familiar than most American politicians
about the marine world. He has banned spearfishing because it targets
the larger “mother” fish, the taking of live coral (for souvenir sale),
and has helped make the spiny lobster fishery sustainable—which
helps not just the lobster and the fishermen, but creates a valuable
export product. The government has also established 51 Marine Protected
Areas. Most are off the more remote southern coast.
Cuba’s marine wetlands are in great shape—in fact, Cuba has the most extensive mangrove forest in all the Antilles.
But the economic situation is so precarious that when Castro is gone,
massive investment from the US is predicted to pick up where Batista
left off. There is some current concern about oil drilling now taking
place off the northern coast for a low grade crude, with some
prospecting in the Gulf. Most of Cuba’s energy comes from these wells.
If we were to reestablish diplomatic relations, we could negotiate such
things. We are, after all, downstream from Cuba courtesy of the Gulf
Stream—what Hemingway called “the Great Blue River.” One ruptured
oil well could kill Florida’s own reef, damage our water quality, and
cost millions in damages to the tourism economy. And nuclear power,
which Cuba has been toying with, could result in accidents far worse
than oil spills.
Did you meet many Cubans? How did they react to you?
There were four Cubans aboard—biologists Rodolfo Claro and Pedro
Alcolado, and two official government observers. I got to know Pedro
pretty well. They were very bright, modest, friendly. And very proud of
their country. We met average Cubans on the street in Havana and
Santiago, as well as some villagers on the Isle of Youth and some
lobster fishermen. I encountered no animosity whatsoever. When we were
moored in Havana harbor, Castro himself came about for a couple of
hours to talk about fish ecology, mariculture, drugs from the sea—especially drugs to slow aging; he’s in his early seventies—Jacques
Cousteau, a massive great white shark once caught near Havana, and…
cities in outer space. The guy had an abiding curiosity about many
things beyond politics. He was charismatic, had a sense of humor and
liked being in the spotlight. Understandably, he was also a bit of a
bullshitter.
What effect has the embargo had on Cuban oceanographers?
Good and bad news. It’s given them a more intact ocean to study—with
all the glorious mangrove wetland and sea grass pastures and coral
reefs in great shape because of lack of coastal tourist development.
But they have little funding to study it. The Institute of Oceanography
in Havana is dilapidated, hardware is deteriorating, and its very
astute and well-trained scientists are vastly underpaid. Nonetheless,
they partner as much as possible with institutions from other countries—including some NGOs from the US to squeeze as much bang for the buck
out of their situation as they can.
What did you find in Cuba that would surprise US readers most?
We get so little information in the mass media about the natural
history of Cuba, that everything I saw was new for me. The most
startling thing about Cubans was that contrary to the popular pack
journalism portrayal, they are not wallowing in despair. They have no
luxuries and staples are tight, but they are proud and they make do
with very little. I’ve seen far greater despair and anger in Kingston,
Jamaica and Iquitos, Peru—or Miami for that matter.
Is there hope for preservation once tourism gears up?
Despite the embargo, Cuba has a strong tourism industry. In fact,
tourism surpassed sugar as the major GNP just in the last two years.
Much of that tourism is “Beach and Sun” playpen style in designated
tourist areas. Ecotourism could be a godsend for the country if
practiced ethically because it would engage locals, sustain the
environment, and make money. You hope they would look at what we’ve
done to our own islands and reef in south Florida and not make the same
mistake. The US has a very real stake in the health of Cuba’s waters;
if they overdevelop their coast, we’re going to get hammered with
current-borne sediment and assorted toxins. As it is now, we benefit by
having those currents deliver us larvae of sport fish, lobster, and
conch. The ocean with its critters washes freely between the US and
Cuba with little regard for man-made laws and embargos.
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